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Jason Healey Article Published in Brown Journal of World Affairs

January 24, 2012
Highlight - Healey

The Fall/Winter 2011 edition of the Brown Journal of World Affairs contains an article by Jason Healey, Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council. The article, entitled “The Spectrum of National Responsibility for Cyberattacks”, explains why, rather than focusing on attribution of individual incidents, states should focus on the degree to which other states permit or encourage such attacks to occur from their own territory, especially for events which rise to the level of national security. In doing so, the technical problem of attributing attacks is transformed into a policy problem of dealing with states that refuse to police actions within their own borders. This spectrum is outlined below: 

The Spectrum of State Responsibility 

1.    State-prohibited. The national government will help stop the third-party attack

2.    State-prohibited-but-inadequate. The national government is cooperative but unable to stop the third-party attack

3.    State-ignored. The national government knows about the third-party attacks but is unwilling to take any official action

4.    State-encouraged. Third parties control and conduct the attack, but the national government encourages them as a matter of policy

5.    State-shaped. Third parties control and conduct the attack, but the state provides some support

6.    State-coordinated. The national government coordinates the third-party attackers such as by “suggesting” operational details

7.    State-ordered. The national government directs third-party proxies to conduct the attack on its behalf

8.    State-rogue-conducted. Out-of-control elements of cyber forces of the national government conduct the attack

9.    State-executed. The national government conducts the attack using their government cyber forces under the direct control by national leadership and chain of command

10.State-integrated. The national government integrates third-party attackers and government cyber forces, with common direction and coordination 

The article is available on the Brown Journal website, and will be republished shortly in an edited form as an Atlantic Council Issue Brief.

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